From Evidence-Based Corona Medicine to Organismic Systems Corona Medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/pom.2023.138Keywords:
COVID-19, Health, Holism, Linear and Nonlinear Dynamics, ReductionismAbstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has challenged both medicine and governments as they have strived to confront the pandemic and its consequences. One major challenge is that evidence-based medicine has struggled to provide timely and necessary evidence to guide medical practice and public policy formulation. We propose an extension of evidence-based corona medicine to an organismic systems corona medicine as a multilevel conceptual framework to develop a robust concept-oriented medical system. The proposed organismic systems corona medicine could help to prevent or mitigate future pandemics by transitioning to a bifocal medicine that extends an empirical evidence-based medicine to a theory-oriented organismic systems medicine.
References
Ahmed, Imran. 2021. “Dismantling the Anti-Vaxx Industry.” Nature Medicine 27: 366–366.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01260-6.
Ashton, John. 2021. “Covid-19 and the Anti-Vaxxers.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 114, no. 1: 42–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076820986065.
Ball, Philip. 2021. “What the Covid-19 Pandemic Reveals about Science, Policy and Society.” Interface Focus 11, no. 6: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2021.0022.
Beckmann, Jacques S. and Daniel Lew. 2016. “Reconciling Evidence-Based Medicine and Precision Medicine in the Era of Big Data: Challenges and Opportunities.” Genome Medicine 8: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0388-7.
Bendau, Antonia, Jens Plag, Moritz Bruno Petzold, and Andreas Ströhle. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Related Fears and Anxiety.” International Immunopharmacology 97: 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724.
Beresford, Mark J. 2010. “Medical Reductionism: Lessons from the Great Philosophers.” QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 103, no. 9: 721–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcq057.
Berlin, Richard, Russell Gruen, and James Best. 2017. “Systems Medicine—Complexity Within, Simplicity Without.” Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research 1: 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-017-0002-9.
Bertalanffy, Ludwig von. 1968. General Systems Theory: Foundations, Developments, Applications. Revised edition. New York: Braziller.
Boodoosingh, Ramona, Lawal Olatunde Olayemi, and Filipina Amosa-Lei Sam. 2020. “Covid-19 Vaccines: Getting Anti-Vaxxers Involved in the Discussion.” World Development 136: 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105177.
Brown, Dean G., Heike J. Wobst, Abhijeet Kapoor, Leslie A. Kenna, and Noel Southall. 2021. “Clinical Development Times for Innovative Drugs.” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 21, no. 11: 793–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-021-00190-9.
Cairney, Paul and Adam Wellstead. 2021. “Covid-19: Effective Policymaking Depends on Trust in Experts, Politicians, and the Public.” Policy Design and Practice 4, no. 1: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2020.1837466.
Carley, Simon, Daniel Horner, Richard Body, and Kevin Mackway-Jones. 2020. “Evidence-Based Medicine and Covid-19: What to Believe and When to Change.” Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 9: 572–575. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-210098.
Chou, Wen-Ying Sylvia and Alexandra Budenz. 2020. “Considering Emotion in Covid-19 Vaccine Communication: Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and Fostering Vaccine Confidence.” Health Communication 35, no. 14: 1718–1722. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838096.
Clark, Christopher H. 2021. “Ideology, Information, and Political Action Surrounding Covid-19.” In Post-Pandemic Social Studies: How Covid-19 Has Changed the World and How We Teach, edited by Wayne Journell, 81–93. New York: Teachers College Press.
Clarke, Brendan, Donald Gillies, Phyllis Illari, Federica Russo, and Jon Williamson. 2013. “The Evidence that Evidence-Based Medicine Omits.” Preventive Medicine 57, no. 6: 745–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.020.
Corning, Peter A. 2014. “Systems Theory and the Role of Synergy in the Evolution of Living Systems.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 31, no. 2: 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1002.sres.2191.
De Simone, John. 2006. “Reductionist Inference‐Based Medicine, i.e. EBM.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 12, no. 4: 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2006.00728.x.
Douglas, Karen M. 2021. “Covid-19 Conspiracy Theories.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, no. 2: 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982068.
El Bairi, Khalid, Dario Trapani, Angelica Petrillo, Cécile Le Page, Hanaa Zbakh, Bruno Daniele, Rhizlane Belbaraka, Giuseppe Curigliano, and Said Afqir. 2020. “Repurposing Anticancer Drugs for the Management of Covid-19.” European Journal of Cancer 141: 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2020.09.014.
Engel, George L. 1980. “The Clinical Application of the Biopsychosocial Model.” American Journal of Psychiatry 137, no. 5: 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.5.535.
Fairman, Kathleen A. 2022. “Pandemics, Policy, and the Power of Paradigm: Will Covid-19 Lead to a New Scientific Revolution?” Annals of Epidemiology 69: 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.02.005.
Friis, Robert H. 2018. Essentials of Environmental Health. 3rd edition. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Fuller, Jonathan. 2021. “What Are the Covid-19 Models Modeling (Philosophically Speaking)?” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 43: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00407-5.
Greenhalgh, Trisha. 2020. “Will Covid-19 be Evidence-Based Medicine’s Nemesis?” PLoS Medicine 17, no. 6: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003266.
Greenhalgh, Trisha, David Fisman, Danielle J. Cane, Matthew Oliver, and Chandini Raina Macintyre. 2022. “Adapt or Die: How the Pandemic Made the Shift from EBM to EBM+ More Urgent.” BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 27, no. 5: 253–260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2022-111952.
Greenhalgh, Trisha, Mustafa Ozbilgin, and Damien Contandriopoulos. 2021. “Orthodoxy, Illusio, and Playing the Scientific Game: A Bourdieusian Analysis of Infection Control Science in the Covid-19 Pandemic [version 3; peer review: 2 approved].” Wellcome Open Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16855.3.
Greenhalgh, Trisha, Manuel B. Schmid, Thomas Czypionka, Dirk Bassler, and Laurence Gruer. 2020. “Face Masks for the Public during the Covid-19 Crisis.” British Medical Journal 369: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1435.
Guess, C. Dominik, Lauren Boyd, Kelly Perniciaro, and Ma Teresa Tuason. 2022. “The Politics of Covid-19: Differences between Blue, Purple, and Red States in Covid-19 Cases, Deaths, and Regulations.” Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1392830/v1.
Guy, R. Kiplin, Robert S. DiPaola, Frank Romanelli, and Rebecca E. Dutch. 2020. “Rapid Repurposing of Drugs for Covid-19.” Science 368, no. 6493: 829–830. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb9332.
Harvard, Stephanie and Eric Winsberg. 2021. “Causal Inference, Moral Intuition, and Modeling in a Pandemic.” Philosophy of Medicine 2, no. 2: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5195/pom.2021.70.
Heider, Grace M. 1977. “More about Hull and Koffka.” American Psychologist 32, no. 5: 383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.5.383.a.
Hood, Leroy. 2013. “Systems Biology and P4 Medicine: Past, Present, and Future.” Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal 4, no. 2: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10112.
Horton, Richard and Selina Lo. 2015. “Planetary Health: A New Science for Exceptional Action.” The Lancet 386, no. 10007: 1921–1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61038-8.
Huber, Machteld, J. André Knottnerus, Lawrence Green, Henriëtte van der Horst, Alejandro R. Jadad, Daan Kromhout, Brian Leonard, et al. 2011. “How Should We Define Health?” British Medical Journal 343: 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4136.
Kärki, Kaisa. 2022. “Listening to Vaccine Refusers.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 25, no. 1: 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10055-y.
Kim, Jerome H., Florian Marks, and John D. Clemens. 2021. “Looking beyond Covid-19 Vaccine Phase 3 Trials.” Nature Medicine 27: 205–211.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01230-y.
Kotecha, Pinky, Alexander Light, Enrico Checcucci, Daniele Amparore, Cristian Fiori, Francesco Porpiglia, Prokar Dasgupta, and Oussama Elhage. 2020. “Repurposing of Drugs for Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” MedRxiv.
https://doi.org/10.23736/S0031-0808.20.04024-0.
Leonhardt, David. 2021. “Red Covid.” New York Times, 27 September. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/27/briefing/covid-red-states-vaccinations.html.
Leonardi, Fabio. 2018. “The Definition of Health: Towards New Perspectives.” International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 4: 735–748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731418782653.
Li, Chuan-Xing, Jing Gao, Zicheng Zhang, Lu Chen, Xun Li, Meng Zhou, and Åsa M. Wheelock. 2022. “Multiomics Integration-Based Molecular Characterizations of Covid-19.” Briefings in Gioinformatics 23, no. 1: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbab485.
Li, Heidi Oi-Yee, Elena Pastukhova, Olivier Brandts-Longtin, Marcus G. Tan, and Mark G. Kirchhof. 2022. “YouTube as a Source of Misinformation on Covid-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Analysis.” BMJ Global Health 7, no. 3: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008334.
Machingaidze, Shingai and Charles Shey Wiysonge. 2021. “Understanding Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy.” Nature Medicine 27: 1338–1339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01459-7.
Mandavilli Apoorva. 2022. “The C.D.C.’s New Challenge? Grappling with Imperfect Science.” New York Times, 17 January.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/17/health/cdc-omicron-isolation-guidance.html.
Marcum, James. 2015. “Healthcare Personalism: A Prolegomenon.” European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 3, no. 2: 228–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v3i2.941.
———. 2020a. “Can We Handle the Truth of What Covid-19 Is Telling Us?” Animal Sentience 30, no. 17: 1–3. https://doi.org/10.51291/2377-7478.1641.
———. 2020b. From Systems Biology to Systems Medicine. New York: Nova Science.
Martinez, Miguel Angel. 2021. “Lack of Effectiveness of Repurposed Drugs for Covid-19 Treatment.” Frontiers in Immunology 12: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.635371.
McDowell, Ian. 2006. Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mercuri, Mathew. 2020. “Just Follow the Science: A Government Response to a Pandemic.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 26, no. 6: 1575–1578. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13491.
Mercuri, Mathew and Amiram Gafni. 2022. “(Mis)Communication of Covid‐19 Vaccine Benefits and Harms.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 28, no. 2: 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1111./jep.13655.
Miller, James G. 1973. “The Nature of Living Systems.” Quarterly Review of Biology 48, no. 1, Part 2: 63–91. https://doi.org/10.1086/407588.
Moleman, Marjolein, Fergus Macbeth, Sietse Wieringa, Frode Forland, Beth Shaw, and Teun Zuiderent‐Jerak. 2022. “From ‘Getting Things Right’ to ‘Getting Things Right Now’: Developing Covid‐19 Guidance under Time Pressure and Knowledge Uncertainty.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 28, no. 1: 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13625.
Musalek Michael. 2013. “Health, Well-Being and Beauty in Medicine.” Topoi 32, no. 2: 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9169-8.
Northcott, Robert. 2022. “Pandemic Modeling, Good and Bad.” Philosophy of Medicine 3, no. 1: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5195/pom.2022.79.
Nunn, Robin. 2012. “Many‐Models Medicine: Diversity as the Best Medicine.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 18, no. 5: 974–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2012.01903.x.
Nyabadza, Farai, Alex Broadbent, Charis Harley, Abejide Ade-Ibijola, and Ebrahim Momoniat. 2021. “Models and Muddles in the Covid-19 Pandemic.” South African Journal of Science 117, no. 9–10: 8–11. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/9506.
Olliaro, Piero, Els Torreele, and Michel Vaillant. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness: The Elephant (Not) in the Room.” The Lancet Microbe 2, no. 7: e279–e280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00069-0.
Parkkinen, Veli-Pekka, Christian Wallmann, Michael Wilde, Brendan Clarke, Phyllis Illari, Michael P. Kelly, Charles Norell, et al. 2018. Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine: Principles and Procedures. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94610-8.
Pfaff, Holger and Jochen Schmitt. 2021. “The Organic Turn: Coping with Pandemic and Non-Pandemic Challenges by Integrating Evidence-, Theory-, Experience-, and Context-Based Knowledge in Advising Health Policy.” Frontiers in Public Health 9: 727427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.727427.
Pummerer, Lotte, Robert Böhm, Lau Lilleholt, Kevin Winter, Ingo Zettler, and Kai Sassenberg. 2022. “Conspiracy Theories and Their Societal Effects during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 13, no. 1: 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19485506211000217.
Rao, Gundu H.R. 2021. “Biomedicine in the Covid Age: Opportunities, Responses, and Challenges.” International Journal of Biomedicine 11, no. 3: 241–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/Article11(3)_RA1.
Rehman, Sabi Ur, Shaheed Ur Rehman, and Hye Hyun Yoo. 2021. “Covid-19 Challenges and Its Therapeutics.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 142: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112015.
Russo, Federica and Jon Williamson. 2007. “Interpreting Causality in the Health Sciences.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 21, no. 2: 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02698590701498084.
Sackett, David L., William M.C. Rosenberg, J.A. Muir Gray, R. Brian Haynes, and W. Scott Richardson. 1996. “Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn’t.” British Medical Journal 312: 71–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71.
Sallam, Malik. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates.” Vaccines 9, no. 2: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160.
Shealy, C. Norman. 1979. “Holistic Medicine.” Journal of the American Medical Association 242: 1489–1490. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1979.03300140011006.
Simon, Jeremy R. 2021. “Covid-19 and the Problem of Clinical Knowledge.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 43, no. 2: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00405-7.
Solomon, Miriam. 2021. “EBM or EBM+ When Evaluating Evidence for the Effectiveness of Covid-19 Therapies.” Institute for the Future of Knowledge, Philosophical Perspectives on Covid-19 Conference, Day 2, 7 July. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WcBw23Jl0o.
Stevens, Alex. 2020. “Governments Cannot Just ‘Follow the Science’ on Covid-19.” Nature Human Behaviour 4: 560. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0894-x.
Sturmberg, Joachim P. 2019. “Evidence‐Based Medicine: Not a Panacea for the Problems of a Complex Adaptive World.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 25, no. 5: 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13122.
Sturmberg, Joachim, Elisabeth Paul, Wim van Damme, Valery Ridde, Garrett W. Brown, and Andreas Kalk. 2021. “The Danger of the Single Storyline Obfuscating the Complexities of Managing SARS‐CoV‐2/Covid‐19.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 28, no. 6: 1173–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13640.
Thyagarajan, T. and D. Kalpana. 2021. Linear and Non-Linear System Theory. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Tranquillo Joe. 2019. An Introduction to Complex Systems: Making Sense of a Changing World. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02589-2.
Tregoning, John S., Katie E. Flight, Sophie L. Higham, Ziyin Wang, and Benjamin F. Pierce. 2021. “Progress of the Covid-19 Vaccine Effort: Viruses, Vaccines and Variants Versus Efficacy, Effectiveness and Escape.” Nature Reviews Immunology 21: 626–636. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1.
Tretter, Felix. 2019. “‘Systems Medicine’ in the View of von Bertalanffy’s ‘Organismic Biology’ and Systems Theory.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 36, no. 3: 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2588.
Tretter, Felix and Angela Franz-Balsen. 2020. “Covid-19: Science, Politics, Media, and the Public: A Systemic View.” Human Ecology Review 26, no. 1: 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/HER.26.01.2020.04.
Tretter, Felix and Henriette Löffler-Stastka. 2019. “Medical Knowledge Integration and ‘Systems Medicine’: Needs, Ambitions, Limitations and Options.” Medical Hypotheses 133: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109386.
Tretter, Felix, Eva M.J. Peters, Joachim Sturmberg, Jeanette Bennett, Eberhard Voit, Johannes W. Dietrich, Gary Smith, et al. 2022. “Perspectives of (/Memorandum for) Systems Thinking on Covid‐19 Pandemic and Pathology.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Early view. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13772.
Tretter, Felix, Olaf Wolkenhauer, Michael Meyer-Hermann, Johannes W. Dietrich, Sara Green, James Marcum, and Wolfram Weckwerth. 2021. “The Quest for System-Theoretical Medicine in the Covid-19 Era.” Frontiers in Medicine 8: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.640974.
Tyagi, Arun, Sharad Garudkar, A.G. Gagare, and Amit Thopte. 2015. “Medical Uncertainty: Are We Better Off in Era of Evidence-Based Medicine?” International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 4, no. 1: 208–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-5886.2015.00034.X.
Upshur, Ross E. 2005. “Looking for Rules in a World of Exceptions: Reflections on Evidence-Based Practice.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48: 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2005.0098.
Vallejos, Julio, Rodrigo Zoni, María Bangher, Silvina Villamandos, Angelina Bobadilla, Fabian Plano, Claudia Campias, et al. 2021. “Ivermectin to Prevent Hospitalizations in Patients with Covid-19 (IVERCOR-COVID19): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” BMC Infectious Diseases 21: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06348-5.
Van Asselt, Marjolein and Jan Rotmans. 2002. “Uncertainty in Integrated Assessment Modelling.” Climatic Change 54, no. 1: 75–105. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015783803445.
Van Druten, V.P., E.A. Bartels, D. van de Mheen, E. de Vries, A.P.M. Kerckhoffs, and L.M.W. Nahar-van Venrooij. 2022. “Concepts of Health in Different Contexts: A Scoping Review.” BMC Health Services Research 22, no. 1: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07702-2.
Whitmee, Sarah, Andy Haines, Chris Beyrer, Frederick Boltz, Anthony G. Capon, Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Alex Ezeh, et al. 2015. “Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch: Report of the Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.” The Lancet 386, no. 10007: 1973–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1.
WHO Interim Commission. 1948. Official Records of the World Health Organization No. 2. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85573/Official_record2_eng.pdf.
Wong, Gary, Yu-Hai Bi, Qi-Hui Wang, Xin-Wen Chen, Zhi-Gang Zhang, and Yong-Gang Yao. 2020. “Zoonotic Origins of Human Coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19/SARS-CoV-2): Why Is This Work Important?” Zoological Research 41, no. 3: 213–219. https://doi.org/10.24272%2Fj.issn.2095-8137.2020.031.
Yong, Ed. 2020. “America Is Trapped in a Pandemic Spiral.” The Atlantic, 9 September. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/09/pandemic-intuition-nightmare-spiral-winter/616204/.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 James A. Marcum, Felix Tretter
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
- The Author agrees to digitally sign the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work.